Theoretical framework Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Theoretical framework - Research Paper Example There are three key theories that seek to explain business ethics. The stockholder theory expounds on the fact that businesses are only obligated to earn profits for their stakeholders and are not necessarily indebted to the wider society (Shafritz, Ott and Jang, 2005). This theory holds the premise that a company is only morally obligated to fulfill the expectations of the people who invest in it. The social contract theory, on the other hand, which is another business social theory, stipulates that all companies function under a tacitly understood contract with the community they are established in. Business decisions are often affected by the social theory that is supported a company. For instance, if a small company was approached with a buyout offer by a larger organization that is known for its unethical practices, the stakeholder theory would support its consideration of how its stakeholders would gain from its agreement to this contract (Shafritz, Ott, and Jang, 2005). Howeve r, the social contract theory would call for the consideration of how the bigger companies operations would affect the entire community. Business Economic Theories Business economic theories seek to explain how businesses function in local and international financial systems. The business cycles theory holds that during a business cycle course, an economy develops, reaches a definite peak, and then experiences a downturn which is then followed by a recession prior to beginning another upturn. Another business economic theory, the "under-consumption" theory, holds that an excessive amount of income is directed to the wealthier classes instead of being channeled into investments that will create more opportunities for the disenfranchised groups in society (Shafritz, Ott and Jang, 2005). This can result in social instability. Business Educational Theories Business education management theories are basically the foundation of any operational and productive businesses, and seek to explai n how the organizations of different eras have been organized. The classical management theory is a theory that seeks to explain the best way for employees to execute their responsibilities. It is divided into the classic administrative and classical scientific branches. The classical scientific division mainly has to do with scientific mindset of boosting productivity (Shafritz, Ott, and Jang, 2005). Later management theories which moved from concentrating on the division of tasks to the issues that affect employees, were based on concepts such as those espoused by Abraham Maslow; who theorized that all workers possess a hierarchy of needs that needs to be acknowledged and catered to so that they can experience satisfaction with their lives. The Japanese scholar, Dr. William Ouchi, would create the Japanese Management Style which supports Maslow’s hierarchy in its assertion that even though it is natural for employees to want to work, all jobs should be created with the aim of keeping workers happy by means of fulfilling their psychological needs. Business Leadership Theories In business organizations, good managers will inspire their workers and assist them to realize their personal as well as professional objectives. Business leaders accomplish this by using various leadership theories. The trait theory holds that leaders who have characteristics such as openness, intelligence, self-efficacy, adjustment

Extraordinary Rendition Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Extraordinary Rendition - Research Paper Example and its conspiratorial partners. Although clearly illegal under international law, both Presidents Bill Clinton and George H.W. Bush used kidnapping where normal extradition was unavailable to bring fugitives to trial. â€Å"The Supreme Court upheld the government's power to prosecute people who were seized in these abductions and kidnappings irrespective of their legality under international law in the 1992 case of United States v. Alvarez-Machain.† (Lobel 1). Not until 911, however, under President George W. Bush, did the process shift from law enforcement to a â€Å"preventative† measure, and the new policy of extraordinary rendition sent â€Å"individuals to countries not for the purpose of trial, but rather to gather intelligence about future wrongdoing through unlawful detentions and coercive interrogation† (Lobel 1). The estimated number of incidents has been assessed by the CIA as in the â€Å"mid-range two figures.† Based on facts stated by Grey o n Frontline in 2011, this number is probably an underestimate considering â€Å"Many renditions organized by the CIA involved the help not only of other U.S. agencies, such as the Pentagon, but the practical assistance of other countries, such as Egypt and Syria† (Grey no. 6). It is safe then to assume that rendition is not an operation of the CIA alone. Information gathered suggests it is operated through a series of interconnected governmental agencies, private operatives, such as now famous Blackwater, and private companies including Boeing Aircraft, which, through a subsidiary, â€Å"’offers everything needed for efficient’ spanning the globe† (Mayer par 1). The U.S. program prompted several official investigations in Europe into alleged secret detentions and unlawful inter-state transfers involving Council of Europe member states. Charges were filed against such actions based on article 3 of the United Nations Convention Against Torture cites the COE ’s responsibility as â€Å"guardian for human rights, democracy and respect for the rule of law in Europe,† citing its â€Å"†¦.numerous and systematic human rights abuses committed in the pursuit of the so-called â€Å"war on terrorism† (UN Resolution 1507 par. 1 & 3). British collusion in the process is clear in the case of a Pakistani rice merchant held for over six years at Bagram airbase, infamously known to human rights campaigners as â€Å"Guantanamo's evil twin†(Rose par 9). As Rose in his December 9, 2009 article in the Mail reports, a rice merchant was held without charges for six years after disappearing on a business trip to Iran. Crossing into Iraq he was captured by the British who handed him over to the Americans, countering British insistence that it does not take part in such activities. Additional evidence is suggested by a cable from the British requesting specific information on all intelligence flights to determine whether they â€Å"might put the UK at risk of being complicit in unlawful acts (i.e. the ferrying of prisoners through British territories)† (U.S. Embassy Cables par 1). Beyond the immediate EU member states, a web of collusion is also suggested, as one Pakistani prisoner subjected to torture by his Egyptian captors states that the â€Å"chief of Egyptian security informed him that Egypt receives $10